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Financing gap for universal social protection: Global, regional and national estimates and strategies for creating fiscal space.
Cover image for the working paper Financing gap for universal social protection

ILO Working paper 113

Financing gap for universal social protection: Global, regional and national estimates and strategies for creating fiscal space.

New technologies, e-government and informality - epub
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ILO Working paper 112

New technologies, e-government and informality - epub

This working paper studies the complex relationship between technology adoption and infor­mality, leveraging recent cross-country data to analyse the effects of mobile phone subscrip­tions, internet access, automation and e-government on informal employment, vulnerable em­ployment, and the shadow economy's GDP share. The study delves into the nuanced interplay between technology adoption and informality, suggesting that while technology adoption can reduce informality by enhancing productivity and government capacity, it can also create con­ditions to increase informality, such as the proliferation of own-account work for example. The paper empirically explores these forces and finds that e-government initiatives in the majority of cases reduce informality. However, while the potential of technology to reduce the shadow economy is clearer, addressing informal and vulnerable employment may require additional pol­icy interventions. This research contributes to the understanding of the multifaceted and multi­directional relationship between technology and informality, and the potential for technology to enhance governance and public service delivery.

New technologies, e-government and informality
Working Paper 112 Cover

ILO Working paper 112

New technologies, e-government and informality

This working paper studies the complex relationship between technology adoption and infor­mality, leveraging recent cross-country data to analyse the effects of mobile phone subscrip­tions, internet access, automation and e-government on informal employment, vulnerable em­ployment, and the shadow economy's GDP share.

New technologies, e-government and informality - mobi
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ILO Working paper 112

New technologies, e-government and informality - mobi

This working paper studies the complex relationship between technology adoption and infor­mality, leveraging recent cross-country data to analyse the effects of mobile phone subscrip­tions, internet access, automation and e-government on informal employment, vulnerable em­ployment, and the shadow economy's GDP share. The study delves into the nuanced interplay between technology adoption and informality, suggesting that while technology adoption can reduce informality by enhancing productivity and government capacity, it can also create con­ditions to increase informality, such as the proliferation of own-account work for example. The paper empirically explores these forces and finds that e-government initiatives in the majority of cases reduce informality. However, while the potential of technology to reduce the shadow economy is clearer, addressing informal and vulnerable employment may require additional pol­icy interventions. This research contributes to the understanding of the multifaceted and multi­directional relationship between technology and informality, and the potential for technology to enhance governance and public service delivery.

Intergenerational trends in educational and income mobility in the United States of America since the 1960s (epub)
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ILO Working paper 111

Intergenerational trends in educational and income mobility in the United States of America since the 1960s (epub)

This paper examines the evolution of educational and income mobility in the US since the 1980s, showing increased upward mobility for low-income individuals and decreased downward mobility for children of college graduates, highlighting the role of parental income in securing intergenerational wealth and the creation of a wealthy, educated elite.

Intergenerational trends in educational and income mobility in the United States of America since the 1960s
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ILO Working paper 111

Intergenerational trends in educational and income mobility in the United States of America since the 1960s

This paper examines the evolution of educational and income mobility in the US since the 1960s, showing increased upward mobility for low-income individuals and decreased downward mobility for children of college graduates, highlighting the role of parental income in securing intergenerational wealth and the creation of a wealthy, educated elite.

Intergenerational trends in educational and income mobility in the United States of America since the 1960s (mobi)
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ILO Working paper 111

Intergenerational trends in educational and income mobility in the United States of America since the 1960s (mobi)

This paper examines the evolution of educational and income mobility in the US since the 1980s, showing increased upward mobility for low-income individuals and decreased downward mobility for children of college graduates, highlighting the role of parental income in securing intergenerational wealth and the creation of a wealthy, educated elite.

Measuring labour market transitions of youths in Thailand: Evidence from rotation groups (2012–21) in the Labour Force Surveys (epub)
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ILO Working paper 110

Measuring labour market transitions of youths in Thailand: Evidence from rotation groups (2012–21) in the Labour Force Surveys (epub)

This study analysed data covering a full decade of Thai economic activity. It is critical to recognize just how much has changed in the country over the intervening decade. Demographic change has resulted in overall population decline as well as a reduction in the number of people entering the labour force.

Measuring labour market transitions of youths in Thailand: Evidence from rotation groups (2012–21) in the Labour Force Surveys (mobi)
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ILO Working paper 110

Measuring labour market transitions of youths in Thailand: Evidence from rotation groups (2012–21) in the Labour Force Surveys (mobi)

This study analysed data covering a full decade of Thai economic activity. It is critical to recognize just how much has changed in the country over the intervening decade. Demographic change has resulted in overall population decline as well as a reduction in the number of people entering the labour force.

Measuring labour market transitions of youths in Thailand: Evidence from rotation groups (2012–21) in the Labour Force Surveys
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ILO Working paper 110

Measuring labour market transitions of youths in Thailand: Evidence from rotation groups (2012–21) in the Labour Force Surveys

This study analysed data covering a full decade of Thai economic activity. It is critical to recognize just how much has changed in the country over the intervening decade. Demographic change has resulted in overall population decline as well as a reduction in the number of people entering the labour force.

Working conditions of subnational government workers in selected African countries
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ILO Working paper 109

Working conditions of subnational government workers in selected African countries

This report provides a comprehensive evaluation of the institutional and labour relations regimes in six African countries: Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Mozambique, and South Africa with a special emphasis on promoting decent working conditions for Local and Regional Government (LRG) workers.

New Forms of Employment and Labour Protection in China (mobi)
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ILO Working Paper 103

New Forms of Employment and Labour Protection in China (mobi)

The objective of this paper is to provide a panoramic description and analysis of the diversity of the new forms of employment that have been emerging in China, with the focus on their background, the main types, the status quo of labour rights protection, and the government's responses to the challenges of labour regulations brought by NFE. Finally, on the basis of the above, the paper puts forward corresponding policy recommendations on how to improve workers' protection in new forms of Employment.

New Forms of Employment and Labour Protection in China
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ILO Working Paper 103

New Forms of Employment and Labour Protection in China

The objective of this paper is to provide a panoramic description and analysis of the diversity of the new forms of employment that have been emerging in China, with the focus on their background, the main types, the status quo of labour rights protection, and the government's responses to the challenges of labour regulations brought by NFE. Finally, on the basis of the above, the paper puts forward corresponding policy recommendations on how to improve workers' protection in new forms of Employment.

New Forms of Employment and Labour Protection in China (epub)
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ILO Working Paper 103

New Forms of Employment and Labour Protection in China (epub)

The objective of this paper is to provide a panoramic description and analysis of the diversity of the new forms of employment that have been emerging in China, with the focus on their background, the main types, the status quo of labour rights protection, and the government's responses to the challenges of labour regulations brought by NFE. Finally, on the basis of the above, the paper puts forward corresponding policy recommendations on how to improve workers' protection in new forms of Employment.

Youth employment policies: Patterns and trends in two unique data sets (epub)
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ILO Working paper 108

Youth employment policies: Patterns and trends in two unique data sets (epub)

Youth employment challenges are always a critical concern for policymakers. There is recurring and mounting evidence that labour market challenges, such as unemployment, informality, lack of social protection and inactivity, disproportionately affect youths.

Algorithmic Management practices in regular workplaces: case studies in logistics and healthcare
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Report

Algorithmic Management practices in regular workplaces: case studies in logistics and healthcare

An analysis of algorithmic management in logistics and healthcare, examining its global impact on job quality and work organization

Youth employment policies: Patterns and trends in two unique data sets
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ILO Working paper 108

Youth employment policies: Patterns and trends in two unique data sets

Youth employment challenges are always a critical concern for policymakers. There is recurring and mounting evidence that labour market challenges, such as unemployment, informality, lack of social protection and inactivity, disproportionately affect youths.

Youth employment policies: Patterns and trends in two unique data sets (mobi)
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ILO Working paper 108

Youth employment policies: Patterns and trends in two unique data sets (mobi)

Youth employment challenges are always a critical concern for policymakers. There is recurring and mounting evidence that labour market challenges, such as unemployment, informality, lack of social protection and inactivity, disproportionately affect youths.

What Is Driving Wealth Inequality in the United States of America? - The Role of Productivity, Taxation and Skills (mobi)
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ILO Working paper 105

What Is Driving Wealth Inequality in the United States of America? - The Role of Productivity, Taxation and Skills (mobi)

This paper assesses the drivers of wealth inequality. While inequality between skilled and unskilled workers is due to differences in educational attainment, within-group inequality is due to differences in productivity across firms. Workers in more successful firms are paid more than their peers with the same level of education and skills in less successful firms.

What Is Driving Wealth Inequality in the United States of America? - The Role of Productivity, Taxation and Skills (epub)
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ILO Working paper 105

What Is Driving Wealth Inequality in the United States of America? - The Role of Productivity, Taxation and Skills (epub)

This paper assesses the drivers of wealth inequality. While inequality between skilled and unskilled workers is due to differences in educational attainment, within-group inequality is due to differences in productivity across firms. Workers in more successful firms are paid more than their peers with the same level of education and skills in less successful firms.